Building Information Modelling (BIM) in Tanzania

 "A chance to win the global battle, in Construction Industry"

OVERVIEW

It is common for the Tanzanian government to take long to act on issues raised by the scholars or writers, although it may not be the case in political stories. Total Quality Management philosophy has been as far back 1990s ((Hellard, 1993), Rutaguza, (1997), (Mosha,2007), (World Bank, 2000))  been proposed to build quality culture education and construction industry, but only until  today only few sectors has recognized (Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, 2009), never the less with support from abroad. Today, BIM rise as

vital technological advance in the construction sector, and no wonder that we will wait massive catastrophe than what has already been witnessed before we adopt.

In Tanzania the performance of sectors like Agriculture, Health and Manufacturing largely  depend on the  prosperity of Construction Industry (Ministry of Infrastructure and Development ( 2006)).Construction forms one of the key economic indicators and wealth creators  in Tanzania and Kenya (Njuguna, 2008) .The construction sector contributes more than 50% of capital formation (Tanzania Bureau of statistics report, 2007). On ther hand the construction industry is blamed for insufficiency in productivity and infrastructural value for money not only in Tanzania but also in (UK (Nour, 2007) and (Sommerville, 2004)). According to (Forbes & Ahmed, 2010), the relationships among participants can influence the delivery of the project. Poor management and lack of effectiveness in communication and information were among the mentioned sources and reasons for the noted low productivity in the construction industry.In Tanzania, (Ntiyakunze, 2011), noted that among others opportunistic behaviour of project participants frequently results in conflicts in construction projects.

 Great efforts has been done to fight the inefficiencies in Construction industry. While (Arditi, (1985)) suggested to concentrate on improving planning and scheduling, (Hellard, (1993)), suggested that Total Quality Management (TQM) can rescue the in-built inefficiency in the Construction sector. It is expected that by involving everyone inside, as well as outside the organization, in the construction process and activities will remove the contractual and production barriers. Such an effort is also witnessed in the Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) and Lean Project Delivery System (LPDS)  where again all the participants are brought in play as earlier as possible and collaborate to ensure successful project handvover. Forbes & Ahmed, (2010), agreed that poor design and documentation quality decline the efficiency in construction projects.  According to (The American Institute of Architects National (AIA) and AIA California Council, 2007), Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) refers to a project delivery approach that integrates people,systems, business structure and practices into a process that collaboratively harness the talents and insights of all aprticipants to optimize project results, increase value to the owner, reduce waste and maximize efficiency through all phases of design,fabrication and construction. Generally, IPD seeks to achieve the necessary performance through the maximum use of the potentials of all participants toward the project. It seeks to achieve optimal project success through cohesive project teamwork (Eastman, Teicholz, Sacks, & Liston, 2011) .From  (Forbes & Ahmed, 2010), lean uses less resources to achieve what is needed when neeeded. It is not a set of rules or tools, but rather a philosophy. It is based on avoiding “MUDA” or “MUCH WASTE” (Japanese term).

The above concepts, gives the safety to assume that the desirable perfomance in the Costruction industry needs colaborative effort of all participants in the life cycle of the facility. Building Information Modelling (BIM) is probably the best tool to fulfil the IPD and TQM efficiency in Construction, because at its heart, all the key decisions are emerging from the model. This is confirmed by  (Forbes & Ahmed, 2010) who showed the foundation importance of TQM to lean processes. At its heart Building Information Modelling, consists of key information to all participants .BIM can help to reduce waste and improve project delivery internally and externally  (Oskouie,et el, 2012). On top, it extends to cover the whole life of the facility, by providing the necessary information and specifications (Wikipedia, 2011). The need to develop BIM for Tanzania rises due to the fact that if European countries and United States accept and  believe that there is something to benefits out of BIM, then the question should be on how to adopt it advantegously in Tanzanian environment and not otherwise because  it will definitely capture the whole world at last (Hobbs, 2008). See the illustrate below.

Figure 1: BIM around the World (From (WSP Group Limited, 2013))

It is believed that construction spending is shifting not only to Asian countries but also towards Africa (Forbes & Ahmed, 2010). This at large means more competition to companies and professionals around the world.On the other hand, the revival of East African Community (From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 2013), reflects the increasing of unstoppable globalisation effects, and hence the need for Tanzanian to be as proactive as possible, if they are to benefit more from the global  market.  From (Ofori, 2013), developing countries like Singapore and Tanzania, need “ the 3P” construction industry (CI), that is Professional, Productive and Progressive. Actually to benefit from globalisation developing country CI like Tanzania  may also need the “4^th  P”, that is to be Proactive, and be able to foresee and reharse the future, with regard to global collaboration undertakings and technological transfer efforts.

From  (Home African Building, 2013), the Kenyans are questioning the workability of the use  E-Construction Permit (E-CP), and to them E-CP is an automated system used to electronically approve submitted plans by architects through the portal. Architects are able to submit their drawings through the system for the approvers based at the Nairobi City Council to electronically approve the building proposals. It will not take a minute before Tanzanians feel the temperature of E-CP. The government has started prioritising ICT improvement in its policies (Twaakyondo, Bhalalusesa, & Ndalichako, 2002), where it was also concluded that poor literacy in ICT contributed to the low performance in different Public Private partnership projects.  This is supported in (Materu & Diyamett, 2010), where it was also found that, the comperatively higher cost of computers and internet services hinders the development towards fully utilization of ICT in Tanzania. While Tanzania is still working on how many people should get access to computer,  (Sun & Aouad, 2000) is insiting that, the use of computer aided desgn (CAD) is not enough to achieve efficiency necessary for the current construction demand. “Integrated construction process requires an integrated IT   system that will enable the project team members to work together and share project information seamlessly”.

 

Today, nothing is without sustainability conciousness, sustainable construction is of vital concern (Haselbach, 2010) throughout the world. Sustainable construction requires meeting or exceeding the todays’ needs without compromising the needs of the coming generation.  Despite the fact that Construction industry contributes to gross domestic economies, it also need attention with regard to sustainability.  Ma, (2011) mentioned different social and environmental laws in UK construction industry.  In Tanzania (National Construction Council, 2013), gives that

“the construction industry is a sector of the economy that transforms various resources into constructed physical economic and social infrastructure necessary for socio-economic development. It embraces the process by which the said physical infrastructure are planned, designed, procured, constructed or produced, altered, repaired, maintained, and demolished. The constructed infrastructure include:

Buildings Transportation systems and facilities which are  airports, harbours, highways, subways, bridges,  railroads, transit systems, pipelines and transmission  and power lines. Structures for fluid containment, control and distribution such as water treatment and distribution, sewage collection and treatment distribution systems, sedimentation lagoons, dams, and irrigation and canal systems.

Underground structures, such as tunnels and mines. The industry comprises of organizations and persons who include  companies, firms and individuals working as consultants, main  contractors and sub-contractors, material and component  producers, plant and equipment suppliers, builders and merchants. The industry has a close relationship with clients and financiers. The government is involved in the industry as purchaser (client), financier, regulator and operator”

In nutshell, Construction Industry refers to the sector dealing with infrastructural undertakings in the economy.The definition above clearly indicates the danger, Tanzania is into, if construction industry does not consider sustainability.The future of Tanzanians equally depend on how carefully the construction projects are unertaken.  (The Modular Building Institute, 2010) pointed out that

“The quality of life of every American relies in part on the products of the U.S. construction industry—houses, office buildings, factories, shopping centres, hospitals, airports, universities, refineries, roads, bridges, power plants, water and sewer lines, and other infrastructure. Construction products—buildings and infrastructure—provide shelter, water, and power, and they support commerce, education, recreation, mobility, and connectivity.”

The need for renewable energy,optimal energy consumption and proper use,design and specification of construction materials is vital to achieve sustainable built environment as  (Matipa, 2008) confirmed that design and specification of materials is key aspect to be considered when built environment is related to sustainability. Multibilion project, will not be without sustainability consideration and hence commanding change in professionalism, practice and constructing methodologies. From  (Syed, 2012), the economic growth and development can not avoid construction projects and  from (Kubba, 2010), intergrated design is key aspect to achieve sustainable construction, then it is logical to assume that the development of Tanzania depends partly on the effieciency of not only construction but also the participants collaboration efforts. 

Facility commisioning is now no longer in a practical sense of checking the functionability of few erected items and handing over the facility to the user, but it rather refers to assessment of customer utility of the facility from inception to disposal, which comprises the broader meaning of commissioning  (From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 2013). Lack of maintenance cost concept in construction projects is one of the challenges facing CI in Tanzania (UNESCO, 2009). Additionally, the construction practicioners in Tanzania were blamed for unethical and technical skills related to procurement  (Mlinga, 2006).Such weakness gives loop holes to unnecessary delays and costs overruns in projects executions.The CI needs first the mechanisms that can provide the 100% transfer of the whole facility life cycle images between executors themselves and among participants. This study steps from the need to proactively prepare Tanzania Construction Industry (CI) to adopt and employ BIM, in order to overcome the current weakness of the industry.

Through use of BIM the user can clearly be involved in the design, and enhence the product definition instead of waiting at the end.  Chiragi, (2000), suggested that property manager inclusion during design stages of construction projectsis vital to the quality project delivery.BIM improves the use of Computer Aided Design (CAD) by involving other participant like specifier, and contractor as well as giving the facility manager the chance to percieve the whole facility before it taken to the site in a far detailled view the before (Weygant, 2011).Many behavioural and operational aspects of the facility can accurately and confidently be detailled (Crotty, 2012).The project participants can in advance be sure of what is to be done and hence avoid the usual said unavoidable  design changes.From  (Weygant, 2011), BIM has developed from only the tool for design to dital representation of the facility before any financial decision is made. It helps to detect clashes,select products and to conceptualize and analyse the whole project earlier and through involving all participants. 

Last but never the least, CI in the country like Tanzania is blamed for curruption. From  (Makoye, 2013), “Tragedies resulting from the collapse of multistorey skyscrapers in Tanzania are all too common and likely to keep occurring if the government does not curb corruption in the booming construction industry”.Corruption is attached to recurrent failure of buildings.(See the figure below)

 Image 1: Rescue workers dig through rubble to search for survivors after a building collapsed in Dar es Salaam on March 28, 2013. Photo by Zuberi Mussa.

 According to  (Njuguna, 2008),corruption causes uncertanities and increases the cost doing business while from (Mlinga, 2006), the rules laid works less in combating corruption, unless they are implemented by the actors themselves.On the other hand, (Taylor & Mawenya, 2013), required proactive strategies like Construction Sector Transparency Initiatives (CoST) to  fight corruption, financial mismanagement and non trasparent systems in Tanzanian CI. Not mentioned openly in  (UNESCO, 2009), corruption may as well be within professional misconduct,unethical, and use of unappropriate technologies mentioned to be among challenges to the Tanzanian CI. The same can be learnt from  (Chiragi, 2000), as number of problems mentioned excluding corruption. However hard is the evidence of corruption, it still pays to believe it exist,than otherwise, and the solution depends solely to the participants attitude and transparency of the process. The CI stakeholders and other scientists of today should rethink from stories, like politicians as it may prove to be equally advantageous. A confident and competent expert would opt non corrupt path first because of being sure of facing the consequences of transparency. (TANZANIA CIVIL ENGINEERING CONTRACTORS ASSOCIATION (TACECA), 2008) pointed out that 

“CoST is about increasing transparency. Enhanced transparency in the construction sector has two main benefits. First, corruption is reduced since persons intending illegality would perceive a greater risk of getting caught thus modifying their behaviour; and second,  management would improve since slack practices would come to light and more care would be taken. Corruption and bad management both lead to poor quality construction and inappropriate structures that are unsafe and unsustainable”.

It is obvious that, Tanzania needs the cultural change in the construction projects undertaking.it needs the paradigm shift, the process that can positively effect change to all participatory components of the project, from inception to disposal (Reddy, 2012). BIM may rescue the Construction Industry from from inefficiencies originating from non transparency and non teamwork project management. The CI needs the mechanisms that can provide the 100% transfer of the whole facility life cycle images between executors themselves and among participants. The need to proactively prepare Tanzania Construction Industry (CI) to adopt and employ BIM is equally necessa

What is BIM?

According to  (National Building Information Model Standard Project Committee,, 2011), Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a process involving the generation and management of a digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility. The resulting building information model becomes a shared knowledge resource to support decision-making about a facility from earliest conceptual stages, through design and construction, then through its operational life before its eventual demolition. The American Institute of Architects National (AIA) and AIA California Council, (2007) defined BIM as a model based technology linked with a database of project information while Demchak,et el (2008) defined it as the management of information throughout the entire lifecycle of a design process from early conceptual design, through construction administration, and even into facilities management. Eastman, et el (2008) precautioned that  BIM is a collection of tools and processes that result in a product that is greater than the sum of its parts. To them BIM is a modeling technology and associated set of processes to produce, communicate, and analyse building models.

Never the less, (Morrissy,et el 2012), defined BIM  as a 3D virtual representation of the building to be constructed. It provides a digital simulation of the structure to be built showing how it will be constructed and how it will allow the design to be tested before the construction phase begins.  To concur with all the definitions, BIM refers to an optimal virtual and digital  designation, representation and management of all physical, chemical and functional characteristics of the facility for the whole project life cycle. The model is expected to touch whatever is related to the project, from human resources involved, materials and as well as contractual matters related to the facility. From (Eastman, Teicholz, Sacks, & Liston, 2011) and (Crotty, 2012), BIM facilatates integration and enhances the quality in construction projects through computer modelling the whole process. It accomodates many fuctions and can be together managed by all the participants.

BIM is not only a tool but also a process that helps in making decisions about the facility (Forbes & Ahmed, 2010), it will not only give the quantities but also the location, spatial and interoperability relation of the quantities to other facility components.Architect is expected to collaborate with Geomatician to set the building in the model and detect difficulties in advance and equally the Services engineers can as well trace their installational and fittings in advance. According to (Sabol, 2008) Building Information Modelling (BIM) can provide accurate and automated quantification, and can as well assist improving accuracy of cost estimates (See the figure Below). To Tanzanian clients this may help to reduce the unneccesary cost overruns and conflicts  due to changes in scope  (Ntiyakunze, 2011).  BIM is needed because it is capable of more accurately conveying the image of the facility and undertakings in construction project cycle, something that clients, users, designers, supervisors and constructors in Tanzania are dreaming about.

BIM and Construction Projects in Tanzania

It is common to divide the construction industry into rehabilitation and maintenance of civil works and building works or sometimes specialized construction works are set separate ( Eurostat , 2013). In Tanzania the same categories are common (UNESCO, 2009) when different statistics are referred. From (Mrindoko, 2011), the government was mentioned the biggest employer with registered works; building (1.4 trillion) and civil works (884 billion) while special electrical works (amounting to 231 and 187 billion). This was more than 60 percent spent on construction sector.The distinctions may somewhat seem unnecessary, depending on the purpose and type of the project. Building project can comprise a heavier civil work and otherwise. ). In Tanzania, National Housing Corporation is now expected to construct affordable houses massively by 2015 (UNESCO, 2009).  With such building works, the need for small-scale civil works may be unavoidably incorporated. Likewise, to attain affordable houses all the unnecessary costs and time wastes must be minimum. The use of BIM is currently prospering faster on the building projects (Eastman C. P., 2008), not only to Architects and Engineers but also owners and property managers at large.The earlier detection of clashes is definitely good to plumbing and structural engineers (Azhar, Hein, & Sketo, 2008) and (McAuley, Hore, & West, (2012) mentioned number of benefits the Ireland government can leap by embarking on BIM, although also mentioned the long way to go compared to UK.Today, to building sector, worldwide, the question is mostly on how to implement BIM and not whether to adopt or not (Ibrahim, 2006). 

According to (Hanif Habiba, 2013), Tanzania budget has set aside specific fund to finance water infrastructure, and significant increase in budget to finance transport and energy sector.This is expected to support and catalyse the Agricutural and other focused sector at large. According to (Strafaci, 2003), BIM can be helpful to civil works as well. The constructability and road safety benefits demonstrated were the beginning. People has pioneered the use of BIM in civil works (Yabuki, 2010), alerting the governments what they are losing due their rigidity to change towards BIM use and especially in civil works. BIM is used slowly in civil works (WSP Group Limited, 2013), but still it promises number of advantages as long as it used for the built component. No wonder governments are still insisting on starting using BIM without delaying, (US Army Corps of Engineers (USAGE), 2013) shows this. Likewise in Liverpool ( Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE), 2012) reported a significant benefit in terms of costs and safety in the construction of wastewater treatment facility through using BIM. To illustrate the use of BIM in civil works, (Skanska, 2013 ) contains video posts showing how BIM can simulate the safety training and impact of temporary works on the works of excavation. 

BIM is the heart of any built structure, as long as image and information is necessary. As Tanzanians, we all need BIM to improve our construction perfomance is another  fact.It means value for money to the governmet, it is the heart the efficiency in construction projects, it means transparency to project procurements,it means better documentation and management of facilities to propoerty managers, BIM means competence to professionals,contractors  themselves  and toward global market,it really mean conflictless collaboration in projects and never the less, BIM means more trust among participants. From  (Mwakyusa, 2013), Public Procurement Policy flexibility is blamed for allowing National Housing Corporation (NHC) to use Design and Build and equally NHC is urged to rethink their costs of houses to fit the intended low income earners. Universities, Institutes and Colleges need BIM  (Azhar, Hein, & Sketo, 2008) from curriculums to practice, as well as consultants;  (Mwakyusa, 2013) reported that three NHC projects were to be supervised by Bureau for Industrial Cooperation (BICO), from the College of Engineering and Technology (CoET) of the University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM). Technical school and vocational should not be left behind, because it is where the operators are born, people who must interpret the BIM models and convert into reality.Actually today, it is very common to find the job requirement mentioning CAD as an adding advantage.It may not be far before BIM will be the must skill in construction projects.

Although BIM has existed for over 20 years, it is only over the last few years that building owners are becoming aware of BIM (Coates, et el 2011), in Tanzania BIM is even far from being heard by stakeholders. On top, the implementation and adoptation of BIM is facing many challenges (Arayici, et el 2009).  Bernstein and Pittman, (2004) and Eastman et al, (2008) agreed that implementing BIM effectively requires significant changes in the way construction businesses work at almost every level within the building process. BIM needs both administrative and operational changes, from individual level to company and govermental level at large. BIM requires learning new sofwares, training staffs, reformulating the policy of ownership rights, and may as well require some changes in procurement procedures of projects. A complete change in work organization accompanied with technological change is definitely risky business to undertake in a risky business like construction projects. Never the less, the BIM model are argued to be project specific  (Forgues,D. et el, 2012), depending on the competence of the experts, and they are still not well covering some of the important angle of projects like preliminaries costing.

To conclude, the benefit that the construction participant can not afford to miss from BIM is basically the inbuilt ability to display in detail the unified effort and process in the facility construction and its life cycle. According to (Cooperative Research Centre (CRC), 2007) “the key benefit of BIM is its accurate geometrical representation of the parts of a building in an integrated data environment”.If todays AutoCAD saves better,by giving clients 3D and impart the closer image of the facility designed, what about BIM? However, it can be noted that, BIM is just the improvement of CAD and not a shift from paper based design to computer based project management. This implies less difficulty to adoption and understanding of the technology at least with few Tanzanian who are currently conversant with CADs, but if and only if the attitude to change is well committed

Why should Tanzania Research on BIM

Despite of the challenges and immaturity, BIM still emerges and fiercely attacking the construction industry globally. Just like globalisation to the country,the future of CI in Tanzania is destinied in BIM, and so the best move is to die in the battle.Tanzania, value for money in construction projects has always been the debate. BIM Adoption, implementation and dynamically growing to capture the gobal market is necessary. But the question like What BIM? How to adopt and implement that BIM? And Where to start the whole journey? 

The construction industry is too wide and complex in nature. Likewise, the fact that BIM can be used Civil Works and Building Works is posing a challenge. Nevertheless, construction projects have many categories from international to local, and from private to public projects, which on top comprises of many stages from design to disposal of the facility. All of these brings difficulties that may affect adoption process. Still, BIM being on its early stages of development process, endangers the trial to country like Tanzania. Also, BIM being pioneered as tool, as well as process for Owners,Users,Consultants and Constructors poses many problems of focus choises because in construction participants are entities with their own varying differences and complexities. Being complicated process, BIM needs the huge outlay of money at the beginning, which is a big risk as well. Showing revolutionary rise, BIM need to be incoporated to construction related educational and training systems as well as in government policies. In particular, Tanzania need a simplified BIM that can be adopted, demostrated and understood by the participants. Thereafter, that simplified BIM must dynamically grow to globally competitive level. 

We must research on it because we have no where to run in this world; we have been behind for many years and now it is time to catch up and level with others CI competence, as many are in their first stage too; we need to ADOPT, IMPLEMENT and USE BIM in OUR WAY, and finally we are capable of doing it best!!!!!!

NAKUMBUKA!

Kauli ya kwanza kutoka kwa Mwenyekiti wa Halmashauri Fulani, baada ya MIST Consultancy Bureau kumaliza Kuonyesha MAANDALIZI YA KAZI YA UJENZI WA OFISI YA WILAYA HIYO kwa kutumia zaidi CAD na EXCEL TU,ilikuwa ni

"Kama tungejua kazi ndio hiyo, wala TUSINGEHOFU juu ya PESA ambazo MKURUGENZI alikuwa kaidhinisha mpatiwe. Kazi nzuri wataalamu wetu, na tunakubali, Kizuri na Bora ni Gharama." Tumejionea kwa macho yetu wenyewe.

 Wadau mnisaidie kubadili hiyo kwenda kwenye KIINGEREZA, msibadili RADHA.

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

CI                                Construction Industry

IAP                             Implementation Action Plan

NCC                            National Construction Council

TQM                           Total Quality Management

BIM                            Building Information Modelling

QS/BE                         Quantity Surveyor /Building Economist

TQD                            Total Quality Delivery

IDT                             Innovation Diffusion Theory

BOQ                           Bills Of Quantities

IPD                             Integrated Project Delivery

TQM                           Total Quality Management

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